宗教比较讲义 · 内详 · 结论 谈谈宗教灵修
核心提示:既然认识和讨论了许多不同的信仰和宗教,现在让我们作一总结,谈谈宗教。我们将从基督教这角度去总结。有人说基督教是真正的宗教,有人说基督教不是宗教,有人说基督徒是“进教”,“入教”,称基督徒为“教徒”,称耶稣为“教主”。世人把基督教与各教同列,也有人认为基督徒是高人一等。还有人认为是信“洋教”。一.什么...
既然认识和讨论了许多不同的信仰和宗教,现在让我们作一总结,谈谈宗教。我们将从基督教这角度去总结。
有人说基督教是真正的宗教,有人说基督教不是宗教,有人说基督徒是“进教”,“入教”,称基督徒为“教徒”,称耶稣为“教主”。世人把基督教与各教同列,也有人认为基督徒是高人一等。还有人认为是信“洋教”。
一. 什么是宗教
1.定义
很难为“宗教”下定义,一般人下的定义是:宗教是个人或团体对认为足以主宰自己生活或命运的某种或某些能力所持的态度。古今宗教有神秘感,好象是个谜似的。
2.要素
(1)有客观存在的神。佛教,如果只以“佛学”指示人,就不能成为世界一大宗教。孔子说“未知生,焉知死?”但又说:“敬鬼神而远之”。儒家后来把孔子作为教主而神化了,并且敬拜和祭祀他,这就成了“宗教”,否则儒家只是哲学或一套学说罢了。
(2)有经典。儒教有《五经》(诗书、礼、易、睿、春秋);道教有《道德经》;回教有《可兰经》;佛教有过千本佛经;犹太教有旧约,《他耳默》及还有许多拉比的著作组成;天主教虽然说有圣经为经书,但是还包括接纳了许多《旁经》、传统教导、玫瑰经为权威的经典。或者可以这样说,基督教只有一本圣经为经典。
(3)崇拜仪式:所有宗教都有崇拜或敬拜仪式,包括原始宗教。中国人古时候也有祭礼,这从《礼记》一书中可见到。
(4)有教徒的来往。每个宗教的信徒或教徒似乎组成了一个团体,或之间有“团契”,不管相隔的地区有多远。
二. 圣经中所说的“宗教”
中文圣经中没有“宗教”二字,只有“入教”一字。“宗教”(religio)一字源出拉丁文,英文圣经5次提及(加1:13-14;雅1:26-27)。
1.Thresreia “礼仪的服务”的意思:「教中」(徒26:5)是宗教,指犹太教Thresres,由Threseo字根而来,是形容词,意思是“惧怕、哀哭、困难”,因惧怕而参予崇拜。或「自以为虔诚的」(雅1:26),「虔诚」(雅1:26-27)。不是指一般的宗教,而是指外来的“虔诚”。
2.Deidaimoulos (徒25:19):「敬鬼神的事」。宗教是离不开鬼神和敬拜的事。
3.Sebemai (徒13:43) :「虔进入犹太教」。
4.Proseluton (太23:15) :「入教」,原文是“归依者”,这也是归依文士和法利赛人所进的犹太教。
5.Ioudaisend (加1:13):「犹太教」,指外表信仰。
三. 基督教与宗教
1.基督教与宗教
(1)狭义的说,基督教不是宗教。
其它宗教的神都不是亲自向人启示的,惟有基督教的神是亲自向人启示的。
其它宗教没有救主,只有基督教有救主,其它宗教都是“教主”。
其它宗教是“自救”,基督教是“得救”。各教都是要人靠行为得救,惟有基督教是“因信得救”。宗教不能救人。
基督教是由神启示的:其它宗教可说是人为的宗教,是由人的追寻、思索、默想,或人自己说受天使的“启示”而成,惟有基督教是建于神亲自和多次启示人的。基督教与其它宗教不是程度上的差别,而是性质的区别。基督教不是由原始的宗教演变成高级宗教。基督教不是哲学、知识、伦理,而是神的启示,神的救法。
基督教只有一本神启示人的经典:《圣经》。
基督教讲究生命的追求和改变,不讲究仪式。
(2)广义的说,基督教也算是宗教,因为:
宗教都是有神的信仰,基督教也是有神的信仰,因此世人看基督教也是“宗教”之一。
各宗教都根据它们的经典而行,基督教也有经典,是根据新旧约圣经而行。
各宗教都有它们崇拜的仪式,基督教也有,并特别注重聚会。
说到底,基督教和别的宗教的根本区别在于:别的宗教是人寻找神,人想象神,而基督教则是神寻找人,神启示人。
别的宗教创造人为要解脱世人的苦难,用自己的理智去寻找神、去寻找通向神的路,其动机是好的。但因神太高大,人凭自己有限的智慧所找到的神,绝不能是真神的本体,只能是人自身的理念的投射。有人考察过,佛教刚传入中国所建的寺庙里,菩萨的长相是印度人模样;随着寺庙内迁中原,菩萨象也逐渐变成中国人的面目。而且,菩萨所穿戴的,多为唐代的衣衫,因唐代是佛教鼎盛时期。很显这些菩萨是人的文化、理念的化身。
基督教所信的这位神,不是人主观的想象,而是神亲自向人启示出来的,是真神的本体。神的启示集中体现是《圣经》和取了人体的神 - 耶稣。《圣经》的权威和耶稣的复活是基督教与别的宗教的分水岭。基督教信仰是植根于耶稣复活和《圣经》是神的话语这两个历史事实的客观真理,而非来自创教人的主观的心思意念。基督徒所信奉的《圣经》,有众多的特点和考古学的证据说明它的记载完全符合历史的真实,而且是出自神的默示,是神要对人类说的话。
2.基督教讲福音,宗教是讲工作,叫人行善
宗教的学说是以理论为主,一般宗教创立人与他的宗教幷没有真实的关系。把释迦牟尼抽去,佛教仍然拥有它的理论体系,但是基督教不能把基督抽走,如果抽走,基督教就不能成形,完全失去其内容和本质。相比之下,基督教只着重「福音」的信息,其它宗教讲究理论。
福音与宗教的对照表
福 音宗 教
(1)是神所赐的(1)是人为的
(2)是神为人作事(2)是人为神作事
(3)是神寻找人(3)是人寻找神
(4)是神藉耶稣降世与罪人接触 (4)是人爬到高处,希望遇见神
(5)是好消息(5)是好议论
(6)是宣告(6)是劝告
(7)是使人得生命(7)使想改变人的修养和性情
(8)洗净里面(8)粉饰外貌
(9)力量常新,以神能力拯救 (9)时常空虚无力
(10)只有一个(10)许多
(11)注重“成圣”(11)注重“行为”
(12)信靠(12)力行
(13)爱邻舍过于爱自己(13)爱惜自己
基督教就是接受基督为救主、为神、为人生和人类的主宰,接受神把基督赐给人。耶稣不是说我把道路指示你们……,祂是说:「我就是道路、真理、生命……」。各教主不敢叫人拜他们,他们也是真理的追求者,他们只把自己所得的教导人,法利赛人是引人“入教”(太13:15;25;27),惟有耶稣是叫人敬拜祂。
四. 「你们当悔改,信福音」(可1: 15)
1.相信基督不是“入教”、“进教”、“信教”
“宗教”是教人做好,但不能“救人”,有许多“入教者”,徒有虚名,他们感到人生虚空,要找“精神寄托”,要做个好人,所以“入教”。他们是“教友”,“教徒”,而不是“信徒”,“基督徒”。
2.世界各宗教叫人行善,但神愿意人“寻求神”(徒17: 27)
人不知怎样寻求,所以神藉所启示的道路——耶稣基督,来结束“世人蒙昧无知”的时代了(徒17: 30)。
3.「你们当悔改」
(1)耶稣要求犹太人要悔改,要从犹太教或罪恶中转向基督。
(2)外邦人也要悔改(路加24: 47;徒17: 30;20: 21;26: 20)。
(3)接受耶稣前要悔改,悔改就是回头。但不是靠悔改得救,乃是因信得救。从偶像转向真神,这就是悔改,得救后如果犯罪了仍可能会有不断的懊悔与改进的。
4.「信福音」
福音是好消息,是基督「为我们的罪死了,而且埋葬了;又照圣经所说,第三天复活了。」(林前15:3-4)各宗教有教主,都死了,惟有基督教的救主基督,是死而复活的。
福音不是宗教。人尽最大努力,希望由他的善行去寻找神,这就是宗教,但基督教是神寻找人。没有任何哲学家或宗教创始人与福音能相比拟。福音是神所启示的奥秘(弗1:9),只有信福音才能得救(罗4:25:10:9)!
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宗 教 比 较 考 卷
注:记得还有一份「观察报告」(20%)及一篇专文(30%)必须连同这考卷一起交上。
请回答以下所有问题,把答案填写在空格上。(50%)
可打开讲义参考,必须亲自作答。答------
1. 谈谈佛教的「四圣缔」。{\Section:TopicID=105}(4)
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2. 谈谈佛教的两个世界观(情世界和器世界)。(5)
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3. 回教有哪六个基本信仰?请讨论。(6)
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4. 请从基督教的角度去评论《可兰经》。(5)
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5. 请简述印度教的基本信仰。(5)
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6. 基督徒对犹太教可以作些什么样的响应?(5)
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7. 基督徒对儒教可以作些什么样的响应?(3)
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8. 请解释道教的「道」观。(4)
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9. 基督徒对部落宗教可以作些什么样的响应?(5)
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10. 基督教和天主教有哪些真正的分别?请精简地列述出来。(8)
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